environmental investigative
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((o))eco · Brazil · Greenpeace traces $3.9bn 'ghost-permit' gold laundering as illegal mining spreads in Peru's Amazon
Details how Brazil's Permissão de Lavra Garimpeira lets any declared gold tonnage pass as legitimate because no prior mineral survey is required, so ANM regulatory gaps turn protected-area and Indigenous-land gold into 'clean' export, a structural laundering channel, not isolated fraud.
“Flaws in artisanal-mining permits allowed R$18.4 billion in gold to be moved, Greenpeace says, much from protected and Indigenous lands.”